The Potential Role of Saffron Extract, Crocin, and Crocetin in Modulating TNF- And IL-6 Levels in Various Diseases: A Review Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research
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Abstract
Increasing interest has been directed toward saffron (Crocus sativus) and its active ingredients, crocin and crocetin, due to their potential to reduce inflammation by modulating cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Unlike synthetic drugs, which can be associated with adverse side effects, phytochemicals such as saffron present a potentially safer alternative for managing inflammation-related conditions. This review aims to evaluate the effects of saffron, crocin, and crocetin on lowering TNF-α and IL-6 levels. A literature review was conducted on experimental studies published during the past 10 years. Articles were sourced from PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords “crocus,” “crocin,” “crocetin,” “TNF-α,” and “IL-6,” adhering to the inclusion criteria. Sixteen studies meeting these criteria were examined. Both in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that saffron extract and its components reliably decrease TNF-α and IL-6 levels in various inflammatory situations. Nevertheless, results from randomized controlled trials are inconsistent, with some research demonstrating significant reductions in these cytokines, while others reveal negligible or no effects. Such discrepancies suggest that the advantages of saffron and its components may depend on variables such as dosage, research methodology, and patient characteristics. Saffron and its derivatives exhibit potential as natural anti-inflammatory agents; however, further extensive, high-quality randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm their therapeutic efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action. The promise of saffron as a treatment for mitigating pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, is evident, yet stronger scientific evidence is still required.
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