Preliminary Pharmacognostic Studies and Diuretic Evaluations of Crude Aqueous Extract of Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) Dunal (Annonaceae) Seeds on Wistar Rats
Article Sidebar
Views | PDF/EPUB Downloads:
392
/ 311
/ 17
Main Article Content
Abstract
Many plants have been traditionally used for their diuretic effects. Scientific validation of these plants can bridge the gap between traditional and orthodox medicines. This study aims to ascertain the diuretic potentials of crude aqueous extract of Monodora myristica seeds and also validate the crude drug’s quality. Extraction was done via maceration using distilled water. Phytochemical analysis was done using standard procedures. The animals were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group 1(negative control group) and 2(positive control group) received 10 mL/kg of the vehicle and 25 mg/kg of Furosemide, respectively. Groups 3,4 and 5 received 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the crude extract, respectively. The urine was collected after the 5th and 24th hour following treatment. The urine volume, electrolyte concentration (Na+, K+ and Cl-), urinalysis, urea and creatinine were measured to establish the extract’s diuretic activity. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, sterols and phenol. The quantitative phytochemical analysis of the crude aqueous extract of Monodora myristica seeds revealed a high flavonoid concentration of 332.70± 14.62 mg. The highest dose (500 mg/kg) showed the best diuretic activity of 0.35 and urinary excretion of 318.26% while the negative control group exhibited urinary excretion of 35.22%. Hence, a dose-dependent diuretic effect can be affirmed. The Na+/K+ ratio in all the groups was >1. Conclusively, subject to further research, this study suggests that crude aqueous extract of Monodora myristica seeds possess diuretic properties especially saluretic and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory effects.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
1. World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023. World Health Organization 2013. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506096
2. Ameh SJ, Obodozie OO, Inyang SU, Abubsakar SM, Garba M. Current phytotherapy: A perspective on the science and regulation of herbal medicine. J. Med. Plant Res. 2010; 4(2):72-81. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR09.005
3. Owokotomo AI. Brine Shrimps Toxicity, Bactericidal and Antifungal Activity of Monodora myristica (Gaertn) Essential Oils. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2018; 2(1):38-41. Doi: doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v2i1.8
4. Wangchuk P. Therapeutic applications of natural products in herbal medicines, biodiscovery programs, and biomedicine. J Biol Act Prod Nat. 2018;8(1):1-20. Doi: 10.1080/22311866.2018.1426495.
5. Bauer A, Brönstrup M. Industrial Natural Product Chemistry for Drug Discovery and Development. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2014; 31(1), 35–60. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/c3np70058e
6. Rabelo ACS, Costa DC. A review of biological and pharmacological activities of Baccharis trimera.Chem. Biol. Interact. 2018; 296:65-75
7. Olowokudejo JD, Kadiri AB, Travih VA. An ethnobotanical survey of herbal markets and medicinal plants in Lagos State of Nigeria. Ethnobot. Leafl. 2008; 12(1): 851-865.
8. Hussain S, Malik F, Mahmood S. Review: An exposition of medicinal preponderance of Moringa oleifera (Lank.). Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2014; 27(2):397–403
9. Thomford N, Senthebane D, Rowe A, Munro D, Seele P, Maroyi A, Dzobo K. Natural products for drug discovery in the 21st Century: Innovations for Novel Drug Discovery. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018; 19(6):1578. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061578
10. Haq F, Ahmad H, Alam M. Traditional uses of medicinal plants of Nandiar Khuwarr catchment (district Battagram), Pakistan. J. Med. Plant Res. 2011; 5(1): 39-48.
11. Shinwari ZK. Medicinal plants research in Pakistan. J. Med. Plant Res. 2010; 4(3): 161-176.
12. Gilani AH, Atta-ur-Rahman H. Trends in Ethnopharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 100(1–2), 43–49. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.001
13. Ishrat JB, Laizuman N, Farhana AR, Obaydul H. Antibacterial, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activity of Chloroform, n-hexane and Ethyl Acetate extract of plant Amaranthus spinosus. Int. J. Pharmtech Res. 2011; 3(3):1675-1680.
14. Feyisayo K, Oluokun OO. Evaluation of antioxidant potentials of Monodora myristica (Gaertn.) dunal seeds. Afri. J. Food Sci. 2013; 7(9):317–324. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajfs2013.1020
15. Enabulele SA, Oboh FO, Uwadiae EO. Antimicrobial, nutritional and phytochemical properties of Monodora myristica seeds. IOSR- J Pharm Biol Sci. 2014; 9(4):01–06. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-09430106
16. Bouba AA, Ponka R, Augustin G, Yanou NN, El-Sayed MAH, Montet D, Scher J, Mbofung CM. Amino acid and fatty acid profile of twenty wild plants used as spices in Cameroon. Am. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2016; 4(2):29–37. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajfst-4-2-1
17. Onyenibe NS, Fowokemi KT, Emmanuel OB. African Nutmeg (Monodora myristica) lowers cholesterol and modulates lipid peroxidation in experimentally induced hypercholesterolemic male Wistar rats. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. 2015; 11(2):86-92.
18. Dhivya R, Manimegalai K. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Profiling of Ethanolic Flower Extract of Calotropis gigantean Linn. (Apocynaceae). J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2013; 2(3):28-32
19. Vábková J, Neugebauerová J. Determination of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and FRAP in culinary herbs in relation to harvest time. Acta Univ. Agric. et Silvic. Mendel. Brun. 2013; 60(1):167–172. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260010167
20. Khandelwal K. Practical pharmacognosy. Pragati Books Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 8185790302, 9788185790305, 2008; p 220.
21. Lorke DA. New approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol. 1983; 54: 275-87.
22. Neharkar VS, Galkwad KG. Hepatoprotective activity of Cassia alata (linn) leaves against paracetamol-induced hepatic injury in rats. Res. J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2011; 2(1):783-788.
23. Onunogbo CC, Ohaeri OC, Eleazu CO. Effect of mistletoe (Viscum album) extract on the blood glucose, liver enzymes and electrolyte balance in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Amer J Biochem Mol Biol. 2012; 3(1):143–150. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbmb.2013.143.150
24. El-Mahmood AM, Doughari JH, Chanji FJ. Invitro Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Nauclea latifolia and Daniella oliveri. Sci. Res. Essays 2008;3:102-105
25. Ekeanyanwu RC, Etienajirhevwe OF. In vitro anthelmintic potentials of Xylopia aethiopica and Monodora myristica from Nigeria. Afr. J. Biochem. Res. 2012; 6(9): 115–120. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/ajbr11.083
26. Olaniyi MB, Lawal IO, Adeniyi MI. Chemomicroscopic, macromorphological and micromorphological evaluation of the leaves of Crescentia cujete Linn. Nigerian J. Nat. Prod. Med. 2019; 23:1-6.
27. Ajayi IA, Ajibade DS, Taiwo VO. Short-term toxicological evaluation of Monodora myristica seeds oil. IOSR J. Envir. Sci. Toxicol. Food. Tech. 2013; 3(5): 53-58.
28. Kemi FA, Oluboade OO, Josiah BO. Acute and sub-lethal toxicological evaluation of flavonoid fraction of Monodora myristica GEARTN dunnel seeds. Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci 2014; 8(2):494. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v8i2.9
29. Ahur VM, Anika SM, Onyeyili PA. Age-sex dimorphisms in the estimation of median lethal dose (LD50) of lead diacetate in rabbits using up-and-down procedure (Arithmetic method). Sokoto J. Vet. Sci. 2019; 16(4): 64.
30. Ellison DH. Clinical pharmacology in diuretic use. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019; 14(8):1248-1257.
31. Aditama R, Mujahidin D, Syah YM, Hertadi R. Docking and molecular dynamics simulation of carbonic anhydrase II inhibitors from phenolic and flavonoid group. Procedia Chem. 2015;16:357-364
32. Ghosh D, Scheepens A. Vascular action of Polyphenols. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009; 53(3):322-331
33. Junior AG, Prando TBL, Leme T, Gasparotto FM, Lourenco ELB, Rattmann YD, Eduardo Da Silva-Santos J, Kassuya CAL, Marques MCA. Mechanisms underlying the diuretic effects of Tropaeolum majus L. extracts and its main component isoquercitrin. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 141(1): 501-509.
34. Patel U, Kulkarni M, Undale V, Bhosale A. Evaluation of diuretic activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Lepidium sativum garden cress (Cruciferae) in rats. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 2009; 8(3):215-219
35. Hock FJ. Drug discovery and evaluation: Pharmacological assay. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016.4314
36. Toma CC, Olah NK, Vlase L, Mogoșan C, Mocan A. Comparative studies on polyphenolic composition, antioxidant and diuretic effects of Nigella sativa L.(black cumin) and Nigella damascena L.(lady-in-a-mist) seeds. Mol. 2015; 20(6):9560-9574.
37. Melka AE, Makonnen E, Debella A, Fekadu N, Geleta B. Diuretic activity of the aqueous crude extract and solvent fractions of the leaves of Thymus serrulatus in mice. J. Exp. Pharmacol. 2016; 61-67.